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Samuel Browne (surgeon)
Samuel Browne or Brown (died 22 September 1698) was an English surgeon and botanist. He worked in the English East India Company factory at Fort St. George, Madras. Aside from his work he collected specimens of the local plants, especially grasses, along with vernacular names and made notes on their applications in medicine and other traditional use. He corresponded with several other contemporary naturalists including John Ray, Georg Joseph Kamel (of ''Camellia'' fame) and James Petiver.
==Life==
Browne was stationed at the end of the 17th century at Madras, in the English factory at Fort St. George. Elihu Yale was the administrator of Fort St. George during this period. Browne had previously served aboard a ship, the ''Dragon'', and was locally posted on 7 May 1688 after the death of Dr John Heathfield. The official surgeon appointed by the Company was Edward Bulkley who arrived only in 1692 and even after he did Browne continued to receive pay. Browne took an interest in the local plants and sent collections of dried plants and other botanical material to England along with notes on their local names. These were described by James Petiver, in a series of papers in ''Philosophical Transactions''. Petiver's plants then passed into the hands of Sir Hans Sloane, and to the herbarium of the British Museum. From there they went to the Natural History Museum, London. Petiver was also in correspondence with Reverend George Lewis at Fort St. George, a collector of seashells. Browne was also in communication with Georg Joseph Kamel and John Ray. Some of the communications between Petiver and Browne are on the plants of the region as well as on the works of others. A letter to Petiver is on the 4th book of Montius, "his animadversions upon Garcias ab Orto".〔Ayscough, Samuel (1782) A Catalogue of the Manuscripts Preserved in the British Museum Hitherto Undescribed: Consisting of Five Thousand Volumes. British Museum.〕 After his death, Ray and Petiver were in communication with Bulkley. It was through Bulkley that Ray's ''Synopsis Methodica Avium'' (1713) included a list of birds and some illustrations by natives from Madras.〔(Synopsis methodica avium )〕
Browne's medical career took a major turn when one of his patients, James Wheeler, a member of the Council took a dose of medication prepared by an assistant on the morning of 30th August 1693. He failed to turn for a Council meeting and died before noon. The medicine had apparently been pounded by Browne's assistant, using a mortar that had previously contained arsenic. Browne took responsibility for the death and wrote to the President of the Council- "I have Murthered Mr. Wheeler by giveing him Arsenick. Please to execute Justice on me the Malifactor as I deserve." The autopsy was conducted by Dr Bulkley and this was possibly the first post-mortem report published by the East India Company. Browne was acquitted by the Grand Jury.
Browne got into further trouble after drinking and challenging another physician, Dr. Blackwall from Cuddalore, to a duel in 1693; and was held in custody again in April 1696 for assaulting an Indian. He was then discharged from service on 3 January 1698 and the Council also took notice that a second surgeon had been employed at the Fort St. George against the regulations. He married Ann Baker in 1688, ten years before his death.
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